News: Research

The Gardel group discovered the limit of cell division is the volume of the genome, rather than the cell cycle. Their paper in Cell found epithelial division stopped at this size, as shown in the picture, to protect genes from damage.

The Voth group revealed that compression of the microtubule lattice is essential to controlling shrinkage of its length. Their publication in PNAS models the reaction—see the image for an example—to show how compression lowers the energy barrier of hydrolysis.

The Chin group observed superchemistry in action by capturing Cesium atoms in a tuned magnetic field. Their paper in Nature showed that the dynamics of these reactions followed a three body model, as seen in this figure.

The Guyot-Sionnest group created quantum dots that emit infrared with quantum efficiency (EQE) of 4.5%—close to commercial LEDs. Their work, published in Nature, proposes a cascading mechanism, shown in the figure to the left.

The Park group designed 2D wafers with the ability to guide visible light on a millimeter scale. Their publication in Science shows how they use different surface features, as shown in this image, to enable the wafers to refract, focus, or modulate the intensity of light.

Several members of the JFI are part of the leadership for the National Institute for Theory and Mathematics in Biology (NITMB), a collaboration between UChicago and Northwestern funded by the NSF and the Simons Foundation. The institute is accepting applications to its postdoctoral fellowship program.

The Center for Living Systems (CLS) is a new NSF Physics Frontier Center led by Margaret Gardel and Arvind Murugan, awarded $15.5 million to study the intersection of biology and physics. The center is currently accepting applications to its postdoctoral fellowship program.

The Mazziotti group observed a transition and coexistence between superconductor and exciton condensate states in a cuprate-like modeled material. Their publication in Physical Review Materials suggests that, in the three-band Hubbard model, increasing electron-electron repulsion moves the system’s state from superconductor to exciton condensate.

Quantum Flute

A general theory of non-reciprocal matter.

The Vitelli and Littlewood groups recently published a groundbreaking general theory of non-reciprocal matter using exceptional points and illustrated with examples found in simple systems such as groups of interacting toy robots. The work was original published in Nature in April and is now receiving wider attention via WIRED. Please see the links on the right and the UChicago News story as well.

Wired Story
Publication

Continuing to transform electron beam technology
A collaboration of researchers led by Cornell University and including the University of Chicago has been awarded $22.5 million from the National Science Foundation to continue gaining the fundamental understanding needed to transform the brightness of electron beams available to science, medicine and industry.

­The Center for Bright Beams (CBB), an NSF Science and Technology Center, was created in 2016 with an initial $23 million award to Cornell and partner institutions, including the University of Chicago and affiliated Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The center integrates accelerator science with condensed matter physics, materials science and surface science in order to advance particle accelerator technologies, which play a key role in creating new breakthroughs in everything from medicine to electronics to particle physics.

The center’s goals are to improve the performance and reduce the cost of accelerator technologies around the world and develop new research instruments that transform the frontiers of biology, materials science, condensed matter physics, particle physics and nuclear physics, as well as new manufacturing tools that enable chip makers to continue shrinking the features of integrated circuits.

“CBB has brought together a remarkably broad palette of researchers encompassing scientists from physics, physical chemistry, materials research, and accelerator science—an unusually diverse team that has the necessary skills and long-range vision to take on the challenge of helping the next-generation of accelerators come to fruition, with impact on many fields,” said Steven J. Sibener, the Carl William Eisendrath Distinguished Service Professor of Chemistry and the James Franck Institute at the University of Chicago, and a co-leader of CBB’s next-generation superconducting radio frequency materials research. “My role has been profoundly rewarding for my research group and for me personally, introducing us to new research directions in advanced superconducting materials design that will ultimately lead to the innovation of lower-cost accelerators with greatly improved brightness and performance.”

Opening up new fields in quantum chemistry and technology.

Researchers have big ideas for the potential of quantum technology, from unhackable networks to earthquake sensors. But all these things depend on a major technological feat: being able to build and control systems of quantum particles, which are among the smallest objects in the universe.

That goal is now a step closer with the publication of a new method by University of Chicago scientists. Published April 28 in Nature, the paper shows how to bring multiple molecules at once into a single quantum state—one of the most important goals in quantum physics.

"People have been trying to do this for decades, so we’re very excited,” said senior author Cheng Chin, a Professor of Physics and the James Franck Instiute who said he has wanted to achieve this goal since he was a graduate student in the 1990s. “I hope this can open new fields in many-body quantum chemistry. There’s evidence that there are a lot of discoveries waiting out there.”

Publication

Discovery addresses problem of generating and moving energy efficiently.

Three scientists from the Maziotti group in the JFI have run the numbers, and they believe there may be a way to make a material that could conduct both electricity and energy with 100% efficiency—never losing any to heat or friction.

The breakthrough, published Feb. 18 in Physical Review B, suggests a framework for an entirely new type of matter, which could have very useful technological applications in the real world. Though the prediction is based on theory, efforts are underway to test it experimentally.

“We started out trying to answer a really basic question, to see if it was even possible—we thought these two properties might be incompatible in one material,” said co-author and research adviser David Mazziotti, a professor of chemistry and the James Franck Institute and an expert in molecular electronic structure. “But to our surprise, we found the two states actually become entangled at a quantum level, and so reinforce each other.”

Graduate student LeeAnn Sager began to wonder how the two states could be generated in the same material. Mazziotti’s group specializes in exploring the properties and structures of materials and chemicals using computation, so she began plugging different combinations into a computer model. “We scanned through many possibilities, and then to our surprise, found a region where both states could exist together,” she said.

“Being able to combine superconductivity and exciton condensates would be amazing for lots of applications—electronics, spintronics, quantum computing,” said Shiva Safaei, a postdoctoral researcher and the third author on the paper. “Though this is a first step, it looks extremely promising.”

Publication
Physics World